Chemistry
SECTION-A: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
SECTION-A: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Unit – I
Classical thermodynamics: Brief resume of concepts of law of thermodynamics – free energy, chemical potential and entropies – Partial molar properties – partial molar free energy – partial molar volume and partial molar heat content and their significances – concept of fugacity and determination of fugacity – activity – activity coefficient – Third law of thermodynamics. Determination of absolute entropy of solids, liquids and gases. Residual entropy, Thermodynamics of mixing of gases ( Smix, Gmix, Hmix).
Unit – II
Chemical dynamics:
Empirical rate laws – Theories of reaction rates – Determination of reaction mechanism – Reaction in solutions – catalysed reaction kinetics – Techniques for fast reactions viz. flow method, relaxation method, flash photolysis, NMR method.
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry of solutions Ionic Strength – Debye – Huckel – Onsager treatment and its extension, Ion association – Thermodynamics of electrified interfaces – Lipmann equation – Butler Volmer equation – theory of double layer at interfaces and semiconductor – corrosion and prevention methods. Appication of EMF – Determination of solubility, degree of dissociation, hydrolysis constant and PH .
Unit – III
Quantum Mechanics
Postulates – Particle in box, rigid rotator – harmonic oscillator – variation principles, first order perturbation principle – angular momentum.
Molecular orbital theory Huckel theor of conjugated systems – Free valence index, bond order and charge density calculations – application to ethylene – butadiene – cyclopropylene radical, cyclobutadiene
Electronic structure of atoms Electronic configuration, L-S coupling – term separation of energies of Pn and Dn configurations – spin orbit coupling – Zeeman splitting
SECTION-B: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Unit – I
Periodic properties and chemical bonding
Chemical periodicity, VSEPR theory for different types of molecules, dп-pп bond, Bent rule of Some simple reactions of covalently bonded molecules.
Acid-base concept and Non-aqueous solvents
Hard-soft acid base concept – acid base strength – theoretical basis of hardness and softness. Non aqueous solvents: types and characteristics – reactions in non-aqueous solvents. Super acids and Hammet acidity function.
Unit – II
Chemistry of transition and inner transition elements:
General characteristics of 1st row transition elements and inner transition elements with special reference to electronic structure, ionic radii, oxidation states, complex formation, magnetic behaviour and spectral properties.
Coordination compounds and Metal – Ligand Bonding
- – Nomenclature and isomerism of coordination compounds
- – valence bond theory and its limitations
- – Crystal field theory and its applications to octahedral, tetrahedral and square planer complexes
- – Limitations of crystal field theory
- – Molecular orbital theory: sigma bonding and energy level diagram in octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes: bonding and energy level diagram in octahedral complexes.
Electronic spectra of transition metal complexes
Types of electronic transitions, selection rule – Spectrochemical, series – Spectroscopic ground states, correlation – Orgel diagrams for transition metals complexes (d¹ to d9 states), Nephelauxetic series calculations of 10 Dq, B and β – parameters, charge transfer spectra MLCT & LMCT.
Unit – III
Reaction mechanism of transition metal complexesEnergy profile of a reaction – Thermodynamic and kinetic stability of metal complexes – Kinetic application of valence bond and crystal field theories. Substitution reactions of octahedral complexes: Dissociative (D),Associative (A) and interchange mechanism acid hydrolysis Anation base hydrolysis: conjugate base mechanism and the direct/indirect evidences – Substitution reactions in square planar complexes: the trans effect and its application to synthesis of complexes – theories of trans effect – mechanism and factors affecting the substitution reactions. Redox reactions: Outersphere reactions, Marcus theory for outerasphere reaction – and inner sphere reactions.
Nuclear chemistry
Radioactive disintegrations, radio isotopes and their applications, nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, radio analytical techniques and activation analysis.
Unit – IV
Metal л complexes
Alkyls and aryls of transition metals, compounds having metal carbon multiple bond, transition metal π – complexes. Metal carbonyls and nitrosyls: Preparation, properties and structure. 18 electron rule and its basis. Homogeneous catalysis, Reactions of organometallic compounds.
SECTION-C: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Unit – I
Stereochemistry, structure and reactivity
Conformational analysis of cycloalkanes, decalins, effect of conformation on reactivity,
conformation of sugars, steric strain due to unavoidable crowding. Elements of symmetry,
chirality, molecules with more than one chiral center, threo and erythro isomers, methods of
resolution, enantiotopic and diasterotopic atoms, groups and faces, sterospecific and
steroselective synthesis – Asymmetric synthesis – Optical activity in the absence of chiral
carbon (biphenyls, allenes and spiranes), chirality due to helical shape. Types of
mechanisms, types of reactions, thermodynamic and kinetic requirements, kinetic and
thermodynamic control, Hammond’s postulate, Curtin-Hammett principle. Potential energy
diagrams, transition states and intermediates, methods of determining reaction mechanisms,
isotope effects.
Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution
The SN2, SN1, mixed SN1 and SN2 and SET mechanisms. The neighbouring group
mechanism, neighbouring group participation by sigma and pi - bonds, anchimeric
assistance. Classical and non-classical carbocations, phenonium ions, norborny1 system,
common carbocations rearrangements – Application of NMR spectroscopy in the detection
of carbocations.
The SN1 mechanism
Nucleophilic substitution at an allylic, aliphatic trigonal and a vinylic carbon. Reactivity
effects of substrate structure, attacking nucleophile, leaving group and reaction medium,
phase transfer catalysis and ultrasound, ambident nucleophile, leaving group and reaction
medium, phase transfer catalysis and ultrasound, ambident nucleophile, regioselectivity
Aliphatic electrophilic substitution
Bimolecular mechanisms – SE2 and SEi. The SE1 mechanism, electrophilic substitution
accompanied by double bond shifts. Effect of substrates, leaving ground and the
solvent polarity on the reactivity.
Unit – II
Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution
The arenium ion mechanism, orientation and reactivity, energy profile diagrams, the
ortho/para ratio, ipso attack, orientation in other ring systems – Quantitative treatment of
reactivity in substrates and electrophiles – Diazonium coupling – Vilsmeir reaction,
Gattermann - Koch reaction.
Aromatic Nucleophilic Sustitution
The SNAr, SN1, benzyne and SRN1 mechanisms. Reactivity – effect of substrate structure,
leaving group and attacking nuleophile. The von Richter, Sommelet – Hauser, and Smiles
rearrangements.
Free Radical Reactions
Types of free radical reactions, free radical substitution mechanism, mechanism at an
aromatic substrate, neighbouring group assistance – Reactivity for aliphatic and aromatic
sustrates at a bridgehead. Reactivity in the attacking radicals – The effect of solvents on
ractivity. Allylic halogenation (NBS), oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids, autooxidation,
coupling of alkynes and arylation of aromatic compounds by diazonium salts.
Sandmeyer reaction. Free radical rearrangement. Hunsdiecker reaction.
Addition to Carbon – Carbon Multiple Bonds
Mechanism and stereochemical aspects of addition reactions involving electrophies,
nucleophiles and free radicals, regio – and chemoselectivity, orientation and reactivity.
Hydrogenation of double and triple bonds, hydrogenation of aromatic rings. Hydroboration,
Michael reaction.
Addition to Carbon – Hetero Multiple Bonds
Mechanism of metal hydride reduction of saturated and unsaturated carbony1 compounds,
acids, esters and nitriles. Addition of Grignard reagents,organozinc and organolithium
reagents to carbony1 and unsaturated carbony1 compounds. Witting reaction – Mechanism
of condensation reactions involving enolates – Aldol, Knoevenagel, Claisen, Mannich,
Benzoin, Perkin and Stobbe reactions.
SECTION-D: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Unit – I
Introduction to analytical chemistry and data processing
Role of analytical chemistry, classification of analytical methods, types of instrumental
analysis – Errors of analysis, classification, source and minimization of errors, absolute and
relative errors, accuracy and precision, significant figures, mean value and deviation,
average and standard deviation, median value, range, confidence intervals.
Unit – II
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy
Various electronic transitions, Beer-Lambert’s Law, effect of solvent on electronic
transitions, ultraviolet bands for carbony1 compounds, unsaturated carbony1 compounds,
dienes, conjugated polyenes. Fieser – Woodward rules for conjugated dienes and carbony1
compounds, ultraviolet spectra of aromatic compounds.
Infrared Spectroscopy
Principles – Vibrational frequencies of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds,
alcohols, ethers, phenols, ary1 amines. Detailed study of vibrational frequencies of carbony1
compounds (Ketones, aldehydes), esters, amides, acids, anhydrides, lactones, lactams and
conjugated carbony1 compounds. H-bonding and solvent effect on vibrational frequencies,
overtones, combination bands and Fermi resonance.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Principles, chemical shift, spin-spin interaction, shielding mechanism, chemical shift, factors
affecting chemical shift . Stereochemistry, hindered rotation, Karplus curve-variation of
coupling constant with dihedral angle. Simplification of complex spectra, nuclear magnetic
double resonance, chemical shift reagents, solvent effects.
Mass Spectrometry
Principles, Ion production – EI, CI, FD and FAB – factors affecting fragmentation, ion
analysis and abundance – Mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds, common
functional groups – Molecular ion peak – Metastable peak, Mc Lafferty rearrangement.
Nitrogen rule – High resolution mass spectrometry – Examples of mass spectral
fragmentation of simple organic compounds with respect to their structure determination.
Problems relating to elucidation of structure of simple organic molecules using UVVIS,
IR, NMR and Mass spectral data.
Chromatographic methods
Basic principles and applications of chromatographic techniques (Paper, TLC, Ion
Exchange, HPLC, GLC).
Spectroscopic methods
Atomic adsorption spectroscopy : Principles and application of AAS in chemical analysis.
Flame photometric methods : Principles – Interference in flame photometry – Application in
quantitative analysis. Nephelometric method: Principle and applications in analysis.
X-ray diffraction method : Wiese indices, Miller indices, Laue method, Bragg’s law
and applications in determination of crystal structure.
SECTION-E: GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Unit – I
Surface chemistry
Adsorption – Surface tension, Capillary action – pressure difference across curved surface
isotherm – BET equation – surface films on liquids.
Micelles : Surface active agents and their classifications – Structure of micelles – CMC –
Thermodynamics of micellizations – Solubilization –micro emulsion – reverse micelle.
Polymers : Definition, type of polymers – kinetie of polymerization – mechanism of
polymerization – Molecular mass and its determination (Osmometry, Viscometry, diffusion
and light scattering methods).
Phase equilibria : Phase rude, Eutectic system, phase transition, CH3 COOH – CHCL3 – H2O system
Unit – II
Bioinorganic Chemistry
Essential and trace metals in biological processes – role of alkali and alkaline earth metal
ions, - Na+- K+ Pump, metalloporphyrins with special reference to hemoglobin and
myoglobin, Metal complexes in transmission of energy – chlorophyll, photosystem-I and
photosystem-II in cleavage of water - ATP as energy currency in biological system.
Metalloenzymes: Carbonic anhydrase, carboxypetidase. Structure and function of
metalloproteins in electron transport processes – cytochromes and ferrodoxin. Biological
nitrogen fixation, molybdenum nitrogenase, spectroscopic and other evidences – Metal
complexes in medicine.
Unit – III
Photo chemistry
Different laws, quantum yield, fluorescence, phosphorescenc, chemiluminiscence,
photolysis, photo synthesis, photosensitiser, photoinhibitor
Photochemical Reactions
Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, type of excitations, fate of
excited molecule, transfer of excitation energy, actinometry.
Photochemistry of Alkenes : Intramolecular reactions of the olefinic bond –
geometrical isomerism, cyclisation reactions, rearrangement of 1,4- and 1.5- dienes.
Photochemistry of Carbony1 Compounds : Intramolecular reactions of carbony1
compounds – saturated, cyclic and acyclic, β, γ-unsaturated and α, β- unsaturated
compounds, cyclohexadienones.
Photochemistry of Aromatic Compounds : Isomerisations, additions and
substitutions.
Miscellaneous Photochemical Reactions: Photo-Fries reactions of anilides. PhotoFries
rearrangement. Barton reaction. Singlet molecular oxygen reactions.
Photochemical formation of smog.
Environmental samples and their analyses: Aquatic pollution: Inorganic, organic, pesticides, agricultural, industrial etc.-Water qualify parameters: dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, solids, metals, content of chlorides, fluoride, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate. Analytical methods for measuring BOD, DO, COD, fluoride, nitrate (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Se etc.)
(i) Receptors/Hosts on molecular recognition of different types of guests and biological supramolecular systems.
(ii)Chemistry of crown ethers, calixarenes, cyclodextrines and cryptands.
(iii)Supramolecular devices: Supramolecular photochemistry. Supramolecular and molecular electronic devices. Electrochemical sensors.
Environmental samples and their analyses: Aquatic pollution: Inorganic, organic, pesticides, agricultural, industrial etc.-Water qualify parameters: dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, solids, metals, content of chlorides, fluoride, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate. Analytical methods for measuring BOD, DO, COD, fluoride, nitrate (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Se etc.)
Unit – IV
Supramolecular Chemistry :(i) Receptors/Hosts on molecular recognition of different types of guests and biological supramolecular systems.
(ii)Chemistry of crown ethers, calixarenes, cyclodextrines and cryptands.
(iii)Supramolecular devices: Supramolecular photochemistry. Supramolecular and molecular electronic devices. Electrochemical sensors.